The Myth of Income Stagnation

By Michael R. Strain of AEI.

"Many economists, journalists, business leaders, and elected leaders (from both parties) believe that for a large share of households, real (inflation-adjusted) income has not increased for decades. But new data from a nonpartisan, independent arbiter show that what everyone seems to know just isn’t so.

WASHINGTON, DC – According to the conventional wisdom, income stagnation and inequality are large and growing threats to broad-based prosperity in the United States. Many economists, journalists, business leaders, and elected leaders (from both parties) believe that for a large share of households, real (inflation-adjusted) income has not increased for decades, and that income inequality – the gap between higher- and lower-income households – has grown substantially in recent years.

Casual observation might make the claim that incomes have been stagnant for decades seem implausible. After all, just look at what a typical household consumes in 2022 compared to, say, 1992. Advances in medical care, safer automobiles, the spread of smartphones, video conferencing with friends and family, and higher-quality home appliances are just a few examples of the significant consumption gains over those decades. Could this material progress really have coincided with stagnating incomes?

Relying on anecdotes and intuition to compute economic trends can work sometimes, but it can just as easily lead one astray. Fortunately, we can find clarity in statistics released last month by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office – the referee in US economic policy debates – which confirm that the conventional wisdom is off-base.

According to the CBO, median household income from market activities – labor, business, and capital income, as well as retirement income from past services – was not stagnant from 1990 to 2019. Instead, after adjusting for inflation, it grew by 26%. This is in line with wage growth. By my calculations using Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, inflation-adjusted average wages for nonsupervisory workers grew by around one-third over this period.

Moreover, a more comprehensive measure of the flow of financial resources available to households for consumption and savings helps to account for the non-market income they received and for the taxes they paid. After factoring in social insurance benefits (from Social Security and unemployment insurance, for example), government safety-net benefits (such as food stamps), and federal taxes, the CBO finds that median household income increased by 55% from 1990 to 2019, which is significantly faster than wage growth and certainly not stagnate. The bottom 20% of households enjoyed even greater gains, with market income growth of 51% and after-tax-and-transfer income growth of 74%.

What about inequality? Here, the CBO computes the size of the gap between higher- and lower-income households using a standard statistical measure that accounts for the entire distribution of income (the “Gini coefficient”). While inequality of post-tax-and-transfer income did rise by 7% from 1990 to 2019, all the increase occurred between 1990 and 2007, before the explosion of political and media interest in inequality. Since 2007, inequality has fallen by 5%.

Why is there such a wide gap between the data and the conventional wisdom? For starters, commentators often confound income growth in the 1970s and 1980s with the decades that followed. Incomes were indeed stagnant during that earlier period. The annual rate of growth for real median household post-tax-and-transfer income was over three times faster from 1990 to 2019 than it was from 1979, the year CBO’s data begin, to 1990.

The BLS’s wage data go back further. They show that consumer prices grew faster than wages from 1973 until 1976 – owing largely to the 1973 oil crisis – and from 1979 to 1981. Real wages for typical workers continued to decline throughout the 1980s. By the end of 1990, they had fallen by 9% from their 1973 peak.

Second, the surge of concern about inequality during the post-2008 Great Recession and the early years of the subsequent recovery was more about stagnating wages and incomes for typical workers and households than about the size of the gap between higher- and lower-income households. The CBO’s data show that real median household income, after accounting for taxes and transfers, fell following the financial crisis, and did not recover to its 2008 level until 2014. Wages tell a similar story.

There are many ways to calculate these trends, but the CBO’s data tell the most accurate story. As the period following the financial crisis shows, it definitely is not a tale of uninterrupted wage and income growth. But if the narrative choice is between “growth” and “stagnation,” the wage and income data point to the former.

This is not to suggest that wages and incomes have been growing fast enough, or that policymakers should be satisfied with where we are. Increasing participation in the labor force, boosting workers’ skills so they can command higher wages, and breaking down barriers to opportunity and advancement should all be at the top of Congress’s agenda.

But the fact that wages and incomes have been growing over the past several decades should give policymakers confidence they will be building on a foundation of economic success, not failure."