Median Family Income for Married Couples With Children Is Probably Higher Than You Think

By Jeremy Horpedahl.

"In 2024, median income for married couples with children at home was $143,400 in the US. That’s an almost 80 percent real (inflation-adjusted) increase since 1974, the first year Census reports comparable data. Is there some selection bias in who chooses to get married and have kids? Yes. Has there been an increase in dual-income families? Yes, but probably much less than you think (the median family of this type already had two earners by the late 1970s).

With those caveats, this is still pretty impressive:"

 

The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States

By Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade & Beatriz Pousada. In the American Economic Review.

"Abstract

We characterize the contribution of immigrants to US innovation. Leveraging new data, we use age of SSN assignment to identify immigrant status. Immigrants represent 16 percent of inventors, but authored 23 percent of patents. Immigrant inventors contribute to knowledge diffusion across borders. They disproportionately rely on foreign technologies and inventor collaborations. Using variation from premature inventor deaths, we find immigrant inventors create stronger innovation productivity spillovers on their collaborators, as compared to US-born inventors. A simple model implies immigrants are responsible for 32 percent of aggregate innovation, over half of which is due to human capital externalities on US-born collaborators."

Reflections on Americans’ Net Worth

By Bryan Caplan. Excerpt:

"I’ve been an economics professor for almost 30 years, but I don’t think I’ve ever before seen anything like the table below. I knew that claims that “58% of Americans can’t afford a $1,000 car repair” were laughable clickbait. I knew that — measured by income — the middle class is disappearing… by becoming upper-middle class. But only recently did I start to fully appreciate the chasm between populist pessimism and actual data on Americans’ net worth. From the 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances: 

 

"Main reflections:

1. Economists have long known that inequality is relatively low for consumption, medium for income, and high for wealth. What they rarely emphasize, however, is how much wealth depends on age. The richest Americans aged 65-69 are worth about 30x as much as the richest Americans aged 18-24.

2. Net worth is very high in absolute terms. The median is over six figures by the mid-30s. Americans at the 75th percentile are millionaires by their mid-50s. Americans at the 90th percentile are millionaires by around 40. Claims about middle-class, middle-aged Americans who “can’t afford” eggs or gas or beef are nonsense.

3. The most sensible argument for worrying about trade deficits is that we’re “living beyond our means.” Trade deficits represent borrowing, and we can’t keep borrowing forever. But given Americans’ extraordinary net worth, the most sensible argument for worrying is still senseless. After 50 years of unbroken trade deficits, we’re wealthier than ever."

  

Despite government spending and regulations on green energy transitions, fossil fuels still accounted for 76.3% of Canada’s domestic energy consumption in 2024 compared to 76.8% in 1995

By Kenneth P. Green, Julio Mejía and Elmira Aliakbari. They are all with the Fraser Institute.

Energy Facts - Canada Edition

• Despite continued discussion about energy system transitions, fossil fuels remain central to Canada’s energy system. In 2024, they accounted for nearly 88% of domestic energy production and more than 76% of energy consumption.
• Pipelines remain essential for the country’s energy system. Over the past decade, pipeline safety has improved, with safety incidents falling by nearly 60% and the share of incidents involving product releases declining from 83.2% in 2014 to 20.6% in 2024.
• Canada’s largest energy-consuming sectors remain heavily reliant on fossil fuels: in 2024, fossil fuels supplied nearly three-quarters of industrial energy use, and more than half of residential energy use, with natural gas remaining the dominant source, particularly for space heating. Meanwhile, fossil fuels accounted for almost 99% of the transportation sector’s energy consumption in 2024.
• The energy sector is also a major economic contributor, representing 6.9% of Canada’s total economic activity. Its importance is even greater in some provinces: energy accounts for 30.1% of Alberta’s economy, 22.7% of Newfoundland & Labrador’s, and 21.5% of Saskatchewan’s.
• Energy is one of the top 10 categories of average household spending. Over the past two decades, energy prices have risen faster than overall inflation and have been more volatile than many other household expenses, increasing pressure on family budgets.
• Overall, fossil fuels remain essential to Canada’s standard of living, and ensuring reliable, affordable, and safe energy systems will remain a key priority in the years to come.

Most European Countries that Had Wealth Taxes Have Repealed Them

By David R Henderson. Excerpts:

"According to the OECD, 12 OECD countries had individual net wealth taxes in 1990, and all 12 were European countries. By 2017, only four OECD countries still had them" 

"the likely reason is that they were losing some of their wealthiest residents to other countries that didn’t impose taxes on wealth." 

AI and Employment: So Far, So Good

By Alex Tabarrok.

"In September 2023, the Census Bureau added questions about AI to its Business Trends and Outlook Survey. Census asked hundreds of thousands of businesses whether they had used AI in the previous two weeks to produce goods and services. At that time, 3.7% said yes; by late 2025 the figure had reached about 10%. (In November 2025 Census broadened the question to ask about AI use in any business function, producing a jump in measured adoption to about 18%.)

Twice the Bureau has asked a key question:

In the last six months, how did the use of Artificial Intelligence affect this business’s total employment?

In Dec. 2023 to Feb 24, when ~5% of firms were using AI the answers were 2.8% increased, 2.6% decreased and 94.6% reported no change. Two years later, in the Nov 2025–Feb 2026 supplement, the answers were: 2.3% increased, 2.0% decreased, and 95.7% reported no change. The answers were similar by firm size.

Some sectors reported more action. Information is the one sector where fewer than 92% report no change. But overall, almost all firms report no change and of those reporting change it’s about evenly divided between increasing and decreasing employment.

 

The supplement also asked about tasks. Among firms using AI, 44% say it supplemented or enhanced work an employee already does. Ten percent say it performed a task an employee used to do. Eleven percent say it introduced a task no one had been doing.

Among those using generative AI, 85% of firms cited writing or editing documents and email as the biggest uses, half cite searching for information, 45% summarizing documents, and 13% coding. Sixty-four percent of adopters say they changed nothing about the business in order to use AI, 15% trained existing staff, another 15% built new workflows, and just over one percent hired anyone with AI skills.

Among firms where AI has taken over some employee tasks, the degree of substitution is growing. The share reporting that AI took over “a large number” of tasks rose from 2.4% to 7.1%, while the share reporting “a moderate number” rose from 13% to 22%. But this group is still small: only about a tenth of AI adopters, who themselves make up about a fifth of firms.

I have reported firm-weighted estimates but employment-weighting gives essentially the same result. Thus, we have unusually direct evidence from a very large sample, and it says that the overwhelming majority of firms using AI do not yet report any effect on total employment. Very consistent with what Tyler and I said in our talk to OpenAI."

 

Occupational Licensing Across Countries

By Jeffrey Miron. 

"The standard argument for occupational licensing is that it keeps out low-quality providers. Existing evidence, however, does not support this claim; moreover,

licensing erects barriers that can restrict labor supply and worker mobility, with potentially far-reaching implications for wages, employment opportunities, and economic efficiency.

Indeed, new research suggests that

[c]ountries with higher licensing rates tend to have lower output per person, larger informal sectors, and lower scores on multiple dimensions of governance quality, including regulatory quality, rule of law, political stability, and control of corruption.

Licensing is not only a problem in advanced economies. Instead,

it appears to be a widespread labor market institution spanning countries with diverse legal systems, income levels, and regulatory traditions. […] Countries with lower income levels, weaker governance institutions, or larger informal sectors may adopt additional licensing requirements in an effort to improve quality, increase compliance, or formalize economic activity.

The research concludes that

[c]ountries with higher rates of occupational licensing tend to have lower output per person, larger informal sectors, and lower scores on multiple dimensions of governance quality."