By Luka Ladan of Catalyst.
"The 2020 election is heating up, and with it, so are the
criticisms of free-market economics. Concerns about “income inequality”
have become a common theme on the campaign trail (yet again), as
presidential candidates blame the wealthy for being too wealthy and
blame “the system” for making the poor so poor.
But just how common is extreme poverty in America? Are extreme poverty rates high and rising,
as many claim?
Last year, the United Nations published a report suggesting there are
more than 18 million Americans living in extreme poverty—roughly the equivalent of
Chile’s entire population. As Philip G. Alston, the author of the report,
put it:
“[America’s] immense wealth and expertise stand in shocking contrast
with the conditions in which vast numbers of its citizens live. About 40
million live in poverty, 18.5 million in extreme poverty, and 5.3
million live in Third World conditions of absolute poverty.”
Say it ain’t so! Well, it ain’t really so.
More recent research paints a much rosier picture. According to a
May 2019 study
co-authored by University of Chicago professors and Census Bureau
researchers, the American experiment may not be perfect, but extreme
poverty remains a statistical anomaly. Specifically analyzing $2-a-day
poverty—that is, the number of Americans living on $2 or less per
day—the study’s co-authors found that only 0.11 percent of Americans
live in extreme poverty.
That comes out to
roughly 336,000 people—still
too high, but nowhere near 18 million. Moreover, the study concludes
that the extreme poverty rate for parents—whether single or married—is
virtually zero.
Again, America is not perfect. Poverty lingers, even
here. But the status quo could be a whole lot worse: It may be difficult
to become a member of the top “one percent,” but it is even harder to
fall into extreme poverty.
The good fortunes of most can be traced to the free
exchange of goods and services for mutual gain. While an imperfect
system, capitalism remains our most effective weapon in fighting extreme
poverty. As we’ve seen across continents, the freer an economy becomes,
the less likely its people are to become entrapped in extreme poverty.
This can be corroborated by tracking the rise of
“economic freedom,” which is related to the openness of a country’s
markets and corresponding increases in living standards.
Over the past
25 years, the global average economic freedom score—as calculated by the
right-leaning Heritage Foundation—has
increased by 3.2 percentage points, with many countries joining the ranks of at least the “moderately free.”
Indeed, global economic freedom has experienced a nearly
six percent increase since 1995—after the Soviet Union’s collapse.
Capitalism is more commonplace now than ever before.
And how have extreme poverty rates fared in that time? Trending down—way down.
During the early 1980s,
more than 42 percent of the world’s population
lived in extreme poverty (earning less than $2 a day). In the Soviet
Union, for example, 20 percent of the population—over 43 million
people—lived on less than 75 rubles a month (roughly $120).
Fast forward to the 21st century, and less than 10
percent of the world’s population is extremely poor—a 33 percent
decrease. The left-leaning Brookings Institution
estimates that someone escapes extreme poverty every 1.2 seconds.
Consider it this way: Even though the world’s population
has increased by more than two billion people since 1990, the net
number of extremely poor people has been
slashed by nearly 1.2 billion. In today’s era of globalization, about 130,000 people rise out of poverty
every single day. That’s like the
entire city of New Haven, Connecticut leaving extreme poverty in a day’s time.
Or take China, which has opened many sectors of its
economy in recent decades. Since 1995 alone, the Asian country’s
economic freedom score
increased from 52 to 58.4 points—outpacing the rest of the world. In roughly that same period of time, the Chinese economy
lifted 800 million people out of extreme poverty. That’s right: 800 million Chinese people—nearly three times the U.S. population.
While still far from a “free economy,” China’s newfound
openness to free-market principles is correlated with the most
substantial example of poverty reduction in the history of the world.
Even if correlation does not always equal causation, that accomplishment
is difficult to ignore.
Granting people the freedom to voluntarily make mutually
beneficial exchanges of goods and services has been the most effective
anti-poverty solution to date. As more of the world allows the exercise
of such freedom, expect poverty to decline even further."
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