"Early in 2007, after winning a second six-year term as president, Hugo
Chávez announced his plan to nationalize Venezuela’s largest
telecommunications company, CANTV, hinting at wider nationalization
plans to come.
“All that was privatized, let it be nationalized,” announced Chávez, who had run under the banner of democratic socialism.
Nearly a decade and a half later, on the brink of mass famine and a growing energy crisis, Venezuela is now moving in the opposite direction.
According to Bloomberg News,
Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro has quietly begun transferring
state assets back into the hands of private owners in an effort to
reverse the country's economic collapse.
“Saddled with hundreds of failed state companies in an economy
barreling over a cliff, the Venezuelan government is abandoning
socialist doctrine by offloading key enterprises to private investors,
offering profit in exchange for a share of revenue or products,” write
Caracas-based journalists Fabiola Zerpa and Nicolle Yapur.
The transfer, which was not announced publicly but was confirmed by
“nine people with knowledge of the matter,” reportedly includes dozens
of coffee processors, grain silos, and hotels that were confiscated as
part of Venezuela's widespread nationalization that began under Chavez.
Venezuela’s Collapse
In some ways, Venezuela's plight is the most unlikely of stories.
In 1950, Venezuela was one of the most prosperous nations in the world. It ranked among the top 10 in GDP per capita and had a labor force with higher productivity than the United States.
Venezuela’s economic growth began to stall in the mid 1970s, however, after it nationalized
the petroleum sector, which resulted in a surge of government revenue
and public spending. It’s estimated that Venezuela brought in $7.6 billion
in 1975 alone from nationalization ($37 billion in 2021 dollars). This
led to an unprecedented surge of public spending. John Polga-Hecimovich,
a professor of political science at the US Naval Academy, said the
Venezuelan government spent more from 1974 to 1979 than in its entire previous history.
Despite the growth in government spending, the political situation
remained relatively steady. In the late 70s, University of Michigan
political science professor Daniel H. Levine asserted that “Venezuelans have achieved one of the few stable competitive political orders in Latin America.”
However, Venezuela’s flirtation with socialism would eventually turn into a love affair.
In 1998, Venezuelans voted in Chavez, a populist and self-described
Marxist. He was re-elected in 2000 (59.8% of the vote) and in 2006
(62.8%), at which point he began to nationalize various sectors of the economy—including agriculture, the steel industry, transportation, and mining—and confiscating more than a thousand companies, farms, and properties.
At the time of Chavez’s death, his socialist policies were heralded by Salon as an “economic miracle”—but in reality the Venezuelan economy was already in a free fall.
By 2014, with the price of oil collapsing, Maduro’s government
admitted it was in severe recession and Venezuela was suffering from the
highest inflation in the Americas. By January 2016, the country was on
the verge of “complete economic collapse.” Not long after, the Venezuelan government abandoned any pretense of being a “democratic” regime.
A 2019 United Nations report concluded
that there were “reasonable grounds to believe that” Maduro’s
government had used special forces to kill thousands of political
opponents in “extrajudicial executions.”
To date, it is believed that more than 5 million Venezuelans have
fled the country to escape economic ruin and political oppression.
Privatization to the Rescue?
The collapse of Venezuela, once the most prosperous country in Latin
America, is hardly a secret. But Maduro’s pivot toward private
enterprise in an attempt to stabilize the collapsing country is a new
revelation.
It’s not unprecedented, however.
“This process is similar to the privatization process in Russia in
that assets are transferred to private local companies and to investors
from countries allied to the government,” Asdrubal Oliveros, head of
economic consultancy Ecoanalitica, told Bloomberg.
Rodrigo Agudo, head of the Venezuela Food Network, told the news
agency that the regime instituted “a wild capitalism” by ceasing the
collection of taxes on certain companies, liberalizing licensing on
imports, and convincing military and other connected officials to invest
in certain businesses.
Ramon Lobo, a lawmaker with the ruling socialist party and a former
finance minister, said the arrangements tend to have time limits
(usually less than 10 years) and work much like a concession. Companies
are allowed to invest and manage the asset, with the government then
taking a percentage.
“We believe this is positive because it is the synchronization of the
public sector with the private sector,” said Lobo. “The state acts as a
supervisor and receives compensation.”
Economic Fascism Is Not Capitalism
In one sense, the revelation of Venezuela’s privatization push is a clear positive development.
Maduro’s effort to quietly form private-public partnerships, a
strategy that began in 2017, reveals the total failure of Venezuela’s
command economy. Bloomberg points out, for example, that
once-successful food processing plants have been “mostly idle” since
being seized by the government, plants that could have been feeding a
starving population.
This revelation is both tragic and infuriating, but it’s not
surprising. By their very nature, command economies are doomed to fail
because they lack the basic incentive and price structures that are
present in a market economy.
“It is more than a metaphor to describe the price system as a kind of
machinery for registering change, or a system of telecommunications
which enables individual producers to watch merely the movements of a
few pointers, as an engineer might watch the hands of a few dials, in
order to adjust their activities to changes of which they may never know
more than is reflected in the price movement,” the Nobel Laureate
economist F.A. Hayek wrote.
Many might be tempted to think that Maduro was just a bad or stupid person. But Ludwig von Mises reminds us that the quest to find the right person to run a command economy is a futile one for this very reason.
“It has not been realized that even exceptionally gifted men of high
character cannot solve the problems created by socialist control of
industry,” Mises observed.
It seems that after much pain and suffering, even socialist leaders
in Venezuela have conceded that they cannot run an economy with enough
efficiency to avoid economic ruin. But while returning enterprises to
private owners is a step in the right direction, it’s hardly accurate to
call Maduro's strategy “capitalism.”
The Maduro government is still using everything from price controls on food to minimum wage hikes to currency manipulation
to manage its economy, not to mention selecting which businesses get to
participate in its privatization efforts (and who gets to invest). In
terms of overall economic freedom, Venezuela ranked 179 out of 180 countries in 2020—one place ahead of North Korea and one behind Cuba.
At best, Venezuela’s current economic system is a form of fascism,
which Sheldon Richman once described as “socialism with a capitalist
veneer.”
So while applauding Venezuela’s small but important step, we should not lose sight of an observation
from Nobel Laureate economist Vernon Smith, who in 2018 noted that
prosperity would return almost at once to Venezuela if politicians
repealed their harmful policies and unleashed the power of markets."
